Mathieu da Costa interpreter

Mathieu da Costa was an interpreter and translator from the Benin Empire during the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The Benin Empire was "one of the oldest and most highly developed states in the coastal hinterland of West Africa, dating perhaps to the Eleventh century." The original people and founders of the Benin Empire were the Edo people. The first European travelers to reach Benin were Portuguese explorers in about 1485. A strong mercantile relationship developed, with the Edo trading tropical products such as ivory, pepper and palm oil with the Portuguese for European goods such as manila and guns.

There is little documentation about da Costa, but he is known to have been a freeman favoured by explorers for his multilingual talents. His portfolio of languages is thought to include Dutch, English, French, Portuguese and pidgin Basque, the dialect many Aboriginals used for trading purposes.

In Canada, he likely travelled up the St. Lawrence River and worked at various locations along the Canadian Atlantic Coast. There is controversy as to how he had learned to communicate with the Aboriginals, with one answer being that the North American cultural context was very similar to the African one

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The African in Canada The Maroons of Jamaica and Nova Scotia (Updated)

Published 1890

Papers relative to the settling of the Maroons in His Majesty's province of Nova Scotia  (1798)

"Negro slavery disappeared from the Province of Nova Scotia during the latter part of last century, without legislative enactment, by
what Judge Haliburton, in his history of Nova Scotia, calls " latent
abandonment beneficial to the country." There remained a number
of emancipated provincial slaves and still more Africans who escaped
to Nova Scotia from the United States. These latter people were
called " Loyal Negroes." In 1821 a party of nearly one hundred of
them emigrated to Trinidad. But before this, on the founding of
Sierra Leone on the west coast of Africa, about twelve hundred went
there, arri>dng in 1792. Four years after this, three ships entered
the harbour of Halifax, laden with the most extraordinary cargoes
that ever entered that port. Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, then in
command at Halifax, boarded the Dover, was met by Colonel W. D.
Quarrell, Commissary- General of Jamaica, with whom Mr. Alexander
Ouchterlony was associated, and a detachment of the 96th Regiment
drawn up on board to receive him. Black men of good proportions
with many women and children, all in neat uniform attire, were
mustered in lines. Other transports, the Mary and Anne, were, his
Highness was infornjed, about to follow, and the main cargo was six
hundred Maroons exiled from Jamaica with soldiers to guard them
and meet any attacks from French vessels on the voyage.

The Prince was struck with the fine appearance of the black men,
but the citizens had heard of how Jamaica had been harried by its
black banditti, and were unwilling at first to have them added to
their population. When the Spaniards first settled in the Antilles in
1509, it is estimated by Las Casas, Robertson, ami other historians
that the Indian inhabitants amounted to ten million souls, but by the
 exercise of the utmost atrocities, these were melted away until none
remained to work as slaves in the mines or in the fields. "

Fergie Jenkins Canada's 1st MLB Hall of Famer

Ferguson Arthur "Fergie" Jenkins
 (born December 13, 1943, Chatham, Ontario, Canada)




"During his 19-year Major League Baseball career, Jenkins, a pitcher, gained the respect of teammates and the sporting world alike. His number 31 was retired by the Chicago Cubs in 2009, and in 2011, Jenkins was honoured by Canada Post by creating his own postage stamp for Black History Month."

"With 284 career wins, 3,192 Major League strikeouts, and as a member of both the Baseball, and Canadian Baseball Hall’s of Fame, Jenkins is truly a baseball legend. More importantly, he is also a role model for young baseball players and Black athletes in Chatham-Kent and across North America."

"Jenkins is known as one of the “12 Black Aces,” a group of African American MLB pitchers who have won at least 20 games in a single season."

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CANADIAN NEGROES AND THE REBELLION OF 1837

CANADIAN NEGROES AND THE REBELLION OF 1837

There are a number of interesting references in the literature of the times to the part played by Negro refugees in defending the frontier of Canada during the troubles of 1838. The outbreaks in both Upper and Lower Canada in 1837 were followed by a series of petty attacks along the border in which American sympathizers participated. Sandwich, on the Detroit River, was one of the objectives of the attacking parties and there were also threats on the Niagara River frontier. One of the parties of "rebels" had taken possession of Navy Island, in the Niagara River, and a small ship, the Caroline, was used for conveying supplies. A Canadian party under command of Colonel MacNab crossed the river, seized the ship and after setting it afire al- lowed it to drift over the falls. This gave rise to an inter- national issue and was the occasion of much bluster on both sides of the line that happily ended as bluster. All along the border on the American side there were "Hunter's Lodges" 1 organized during 1838 and this movement, joined with the widespread political disaffection, made the times unhappy for the Canadian provinces. Sir Francis Bond Head, who was Governor of Upper Canada when the troubles of 1837 began and whose conduct did not tend materially to quelling the unrest, wrote his ''apologia'' a couple of years later and in it he speaks of the loyalty of the colored people, almost all of whom were refugees from slavery. He says: "When our colored population were informed that American citizens, sympathizing with their sufferings, had taken violent possession of Navy Island, for the double object of liberating them

1 A convention of Hunter 's Lodges of Ohio and Michigan, held at Oleveland, September 16-22, 1838, was attended by seventy delegates. 377

 from the domination of British rule, and of imparting to them the blessings of republican institutions, based upon the principle that all men are born equal, did our colored brethren hail their ap- proach? No, on the contrary, they hastened as volunteers in wagon-loads to the Niagara frontier to beg from me permission that, in the intended attack upon Navy Island, they might be permitted to form the forlorn hope-in short they supplicated that they might be allowed to be foremost to defend the glorious institutions of Great Britain. " 2 Rev. J. W. Loguen, in the narrative of his life, says that he was urgently solicited by the Canadian government to a-ccept the captaincy of a company of black troops who had been enrolled during the troubles. As the affair was then about all over by the joint effort of the Canadian and United States governments, he did not accept the offer but he makes this interesting comment: "The colored population of Canada at that time was small compared to what it now is; nevertheless, it was sufficiently large to attract the attention of the government. They were almost to a man fugitives from the States. They could not, therefore, be pas- sive when the success of the invaders would break the only arm interposed for their security, and destroy the only asylum for African freedom in North America. The promptness with which several companies of blacks were organized and equipped, and the desperate valor they displayed in this brief conflict, are an earnest of what may be expected from the swelling thousands of colored fugitives collecting there, in the event of a war between the two countries." 3 Josiah Henson, founder of the Dawn colony in Upper Canada and famous as the reputed "origi:nal" of Mrs. Stowe's Uncle Tom, says in his narrative that he was captain of the second company of Essex colored volunteers and that he and his men assisted in the defence of Fort Malden (Amherstburg) from Christmas 1837 to May of 1838. He

2 Head, Sir, P. B., A Narrative (London, 1839), page 392. 3Loguen, J. W., The Bev. J. W. Loguen as a Slave and as a Freeman (Syracuse, 1859), pp. 343-345.

Henson and other former African American slaves helped repulse the invaders three times that winter. In one supreme example of bravery and sheer will power, they waded chest-deep through icy January water to attack a rebel schooner that went aground. They swarmed the ship, and captured her provisions, her crew, and her rebel captain—Brigadier General Edward Theller.

says further that he assisted in the capture of the schooner Anne, an affair which took place on January 9, 1838.4 John MacMullen, in his History of Canada, says that among the troops on the border during 1838 "were two hun- dred Indians from Delaware, and a body of colored men, settlers in the western part of the province, the poor hunted fugitive's from American slavery, who had at length found liberty and security under the British flag. " I A rather interesting aftermath of the rebellion is con- tained in an item appearing in the Amherstburg Courier of March 10, 1849, reporting a meeting of Negroes in Sand- wich township to protest against the Rebellion Losses Bill.' Colonel Prince was thanked for his opposition to the measure.7 Eighty years after the rebellion the Negro men of Can- ada were again called upon to fight, this time in another land and in a conflict that was destined to affect every race and every land. The service that was rendered in the Cana- dian army by the colored companies of pioneers will some day receive due recognition at the hands of an historian. In the meantime, it is not forgotten by the people of Canada.

THE PUBLIC LIBRARY

FRED LANDON LONDON, ONTARIO

4 An autobiography of the Rev. Josiah Henson, " Uncle Tom," from 1789 to 1881 (London, Ont., 1881), page 177. A sketch of Josiah Henson appeared in THE JOURNAL oF NEGRO HISTORY for January, 1918 (Vol. III, no. 1, pp. 1-21). This is condensed from his autobiography which appeared in several editions. 5 MacMullen, John, History of Canada from its first Discovery to the Present Times (Brockville, Ont., 1868), pp. 459-460. He gives as his authority Radelift 's despatch, " 10th January, 1838. " 6 The Rebellion Losses Bill proposed compensation for those who had sustained losses in Lower Canada (Quebec) during the troubles of 1837. It was fiercely opposed in Upper Canada (Ontario) by the element that regarded the French as " aliens " and " rebels. " When Lord Elgin, the Governor, gave his assent to the bill in 1849 there were riots in Montreal in which the Parliament Buildings were burned. 7 Col. Prince was one of the leaders in the defense of the Canadian frontier along the Detroit River during 1838, afterwards a member of the Canadian Parliament. During the troubles of 1838 he ordered the shooting of four prisoners without the form of a trial. The act was condemned by Lord Brougham and others with great severity and is one dark spot on the records of the Canadian forces during the trying period.

Canadian Negroes and the Rebellion of 1837 (October 1, 1922)
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   Story courtesy of JSTOR